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netutil.py
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# # Copyright 2011 Facebook # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may # not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain # a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT # WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the # License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations # under the License. """Miscellaneous network utility code.""" import concurrent.futures import errno import os import sys import socket import ssl import stat from tornado.concurrent import dummy_executor, run_on_executor from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop from tornado.platform.auto import set_close_exec from tornado.util import Configurable, errno_from_exception import typing from typing import List, Callable, Any, Type, Dict, Union, Tuple, Awaitable if typing.TYPE_CHECKING: from asyncio import Future # noqa: F401 # Note that the naming of ssl.Purpose is confusing; the purpose # of a context is to authentiate the opposite side of the connection. _client_ssl_defaults = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH) _server_ssl_defaults = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH) if hasattr(ssl, "OP_NO_COMPRESSION"): # See netutil.ssl_options_to_context _client_ssl_defaults.options |= ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION _server_ssl_defaults.options |= ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION # ThreadedResolver runs getaddrinfo on a thread. If the hostname is unicode, # getaddrinfo attempts to import encodings.idna. If this is done at # module-import time, the import lock is already held by the main thread, # leading to deadlock. Avoid it by caching the idna encoder on the main # thread now. u"foo".encode("idna") # For undiagnosed reasons, 'latin1' codec may also need to be preloaded. u"foo".encode("latin1") # These errnos indicate that a non-blocking operation must be retried # at a later time. On most platforms they're the same value, but on # some they differ. _ERRNO_WOULDBLOCK = (errno.EWOULDBLOCK, errno.EAGAIN) if hasattr(errno, "WSAEWOULDBLOCK"): _ERRNO_WOULDBLOCK += (errno.WSAEWOULDBLOCK,) # type: ignore # Default backlog used when calling sock.listen() _DEFAULT_BACKLOG = 128 def bind_sockets( port: int, address: str = None, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC, backlog: int = _DEFAULT_BACKLOG, flags: int = None, reuse_port: bool = False, ) -> List[socket.socket]: """Creates listening sockets bound to the given port and address. Returns a list of socket objects (multiple sockets are returned if the given address maps to multiple IP addresses, which is most common for mixed IPv4 and IPv6 use). Address may be either an IP address or hostname. If it's a hostname, the server will listen on all IP addresses associated with the name. Address may be an empty string or None to listen on all available interfaces. Family may be set to either `socket.AF_INET` or `socket.AF_INET6` to restrict to IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, otherwise both will be used if available. The ``backlog`` argument has the same meaning as for `socket.listen() <socket.socket.listen>`. ``flags`` is a bitmask of AI_* flags to `~socket.getaddrinfo`, like ``socket.AI_PASSIVE | socket.AI_NUMERICHOST``. ``reuse_port`` option sets ``SO_REUSEPORT`` option for every socket in the list. If your platform doesn't support this option ValueError will be raised. """ if reuse_port and not hasattr(socket, "SO_REUSEPORT"): raise ValueError("the platform doesn't support SO_REUSEPORT") sockets = [] if address == "": address = None if not socket.has_ipv6 and family == socket.AF_UNSPEC: # Python can be compiled with --disable-ipv6, which causes # operations on AF_INET6 sockets to fail, but does not # automatically exclude those results from getaddrinfo # results. # http://bugs.python.org/issue16208 family = socket.AF_INET if flags is None: flags = socket.AI_PASSIVE bound_port = None unique_addresses = set() # type: set for res in sorted( socket.getaddrinfo(address, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, flags), key=lambda x: x[0], ): if res in unique_addresses: continue unique_addresses.add(res) af, socktype, proto, canonname, sockaddr = res if ( sys.platform == "darwin" and address == "localhost" and af == socket.AF_INET6 and sockaddr[3] != 0 ): # Mac OS X includes a link-local address fe80::1%lo0 in the # getaddrinfo results for 'localhost'. However, the firewall # doesn't understand that this is a local address and will # prompt for access (often repeatedly, due to an apparent # bug in its ability to remember granting access to an # application). Skip these addresses. continue try: sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto) except socket.error as e: if errno_from_exception(e) == errno.EAFNOSUPPORT: continue raise set_close_exec(sock.fileno()) if os.name != "nt": try: sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) except socket.error as e: if errno_from_exception(e) != errno.ENOPROTOOPT: # Hurd doesn't support SO_REUSEADDR. raise if reuse_port: sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEPORT, 1) if af == socket.AF_INET6: # On linux, ipv6 sockets accept ipv4 too by default, # but this makes it impossible to bind to both # 0.0.0.0 in ipv4 and :: in ipv6. On other systems, # separate sockets *must* be used to listen for both ipv4 # and ipv6. For consistency, always disable ipv4 on our # ipv6 sockets and use a separate ipv4 socket when needed. # # Python 2.x on windows doesn't have IPPROTO_IPV6. if hasattr(socket, "IPPROTO_IPV6"): sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IPV6, socket.IPV6_V6ONLY, 1) # automatic port allocation with port=None # should bind on the same port on IPv4 and IPv6 host, requested_port = sockaddr[:2] if requested_port == 0 and bound_port is not None: sockaddr = tuple([host, bound_port] + list(sockaddr[2:])) sock.setblocking(False) sock.bind(sockaddr) bound_port = sock.getsockname()[1] sock.listen(backlog) sockets.append(sock) return sockets if hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"): def bind_unix_socket( file: str, mode: int = 0o600, backlog: int = _DEFAULT_BACKLOG ) -> socket.socket: """Creates a listening unix socket. If a socket with the given name already exists, it will be deleted. If any other file with that name exists, an exception will be raised. Returns a socket object (not a list of socket objects like `bind_sockets`) """ sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM) set_close_exec(sock.fileno()) try: sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) except socket.error as e: if errno_from_exception(e) != errno.ENOPROTOOPT: # Hurd doesn't support SO_REUSEADDR raise sock.setblocking(False) try: st = os.stat(file) except OSError as err: if errno_from_exception(err) != errno.ENOENT: raise else: if stat.S_ISSOCK(st.st_mode): os.remove(file) else: raise ValueError("File %s exists and is not a socket", file) sock.bind(file) os.chmod(file, mode) sock.listen(backlog) return sock def add_accept_handler( sock: socket.socket, callback: Callable[[socket.socket, Any], None] ) -> Callable[[], None]: """Adds an `.IOLoop` event handler to accept new connections on ``sock``. When a connection is accepted, ``callback(connection, address)`` will be run (``connection`` is a socket object, and ``address`` is the address of the other end of the connection). Note that this signature is different from the ``callback(fd, events)`` signature used for `.IOLoop` handlers. A callable is returned which, when called, will remove the `.IOLoop` event handler and stop processing further incoming connections. .. versionchanged:: 5.0 The ``io_loop`` argument (deprecated since version 4.1) has been removed. .. versionchanged:: 5.0 A callable is returned (``None`` was returned before). """ io_loop = IOLoop.current() removed = [False] def accept_handler(fd: socket.socket, events: int) -> None: # More connections may come in while we're handling callbacks; # to prevent starvation of other tasks we must limit the number # of connections we accept at a time. Ideally we would accept # up to the number of connections that were waiting when we # entered this method, but this information is not available # (and rearranging this method to call accept() as many times # as possible before running any callbacks would have adverse # effects on load balancing in multiprocess configurations). # Instead, we use the (default) listen backlog as a rough # heuristic for the number of connections we can reasonably # accept at once. for i in range(_DEFAULT_BACKLOG): if removed[0]: # The socket was probably closed return try: connection, address = sock.accept() except socket.error as e: # _ERRNO_WOULDBLOCK indicate we have accepted every # connection that is available. if errno_from_exception(e) in _ERRNO_WOULDBLOCK: return # ECONNABORTED indicates that there was a connection # but it was closed while still in the accept queue. # (observed on FreeBSD). if errno_from_exception(e) == errno.ECONNABORTED: continue raise set_close_exec(connection.fileno()) callback(connection, address) def remove_handler() -> None: io_loop.remove_handler(sock) removed[0] = True io_loop.add_handler(sock, accept_handler, IOLoop.READ) return remove_handler def is_valid_ip(ip: str) -> bool: """Returns ``True`` if the given string is a well-formed IP address. Supports IPv4 and IPv6. """ if not ip or "\x00" in ip: # getaddrinfo resolves empty strings to localhost, and truncates # on zero bytes. return False try: res = socket.getaddrinfo( ip, 0, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, socket.AI_NUMERICHOST ) return bool(res) except socket.gaierror as e: if e.args[0] == socket.EAI_NONAME: return False raise return True class Resolver(Configurable): """Configurable asynchronous DNS resolver interface. By default, a blocking implementation is used (which simply calls `socket.getaddrinfo`). An alternative implementation can be chosen with the `Resolver.configure <.Configurable.configure>` class method:: Resolver.configure('tornado.netutil.ThreadedResolver') The implementations of this interface included with Tornado are * `tornado.netutil.DefaultExecutorResolver` * `tornado.netutil.BlockingResolver` (deprecated) * `tornado.netutil.ThreadedResolver` (deprecated) * `tornado.netutil.OverrideResolver` * `tornado.platform.twisted.TwistedResolver` * `tornado.platform.caresresolver.CaresResolver` .. versionchanged:: 5.0 The default implementation has changed from `BlockingResolver` to `DefaultExecutorResolver`. """ @classmethod def configurable_base(cls) -> Type["Resolver"]: return Resolver @classmethod def configurable_default(cls) -> Type["Resolver"]: return DefaultExecutorResolver def resolve( self, host: str, port: int, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC ) -> Awaitable[List[Tuple[int, Any]]]: """Resolves an address. The ``host`` argument is a string which may be a hostname or a literal IP address. Returns a `.Future` whose result is a list of (family, address) pairs, where address is a tuple suitable to pass to `socket.connect <socket.socket.connect>` (i.e. a ``(host, port)`` pair for IPv4; additional fields may be present for IPv6). If a ``callback`` is passed, it will be run with the result as an argument when it is complete. :raises IOError: if the address cannot be resolved. .. versionchanged:: 4.4 Standardized all implementations to raise `IOError`. .. versionchanged:: 6.0 The ``callback`` argument was removed. Use the returned awaitable object instead. """ raise NotImplementedError() def close(self) -> None: """Closes the `Resolver`, freeing any resources used. .. versionadded:: 3.1 """ pass def _resolve_addr( host: str, port: int, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC ) -> List[Tuple[int, Any]]: # On Solaris, getaddrinfo fails if the given port is not found # in /etc/services and no socket type is given, so we must pass # one here. The socket type used here doesn't seem to actually # matter (we discard the one we get back in the results), # so the addresses we return should still be usable with SOCK_DGRAM. addrinfo = socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM) results = [] for fam, socktype, proto, canonname, address in addrinfo: results.append((fam, address)) return results class DefaultExecutorResolver(Resolver): """Resolver implementation using `.IOLoop.run_in_executor`. .. versionadded:: 5.0 """ async def resolve( self, host: str, port: int, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC ) -> List[Tuple[int, Any]]: result = await IOLoop.current().run_in_executor( None, _resolve_addr, host, port, family ) return result class ExecutorResolver(Resolver): """Resolver implementation using a `concurrent.futures.Executor`. Use this instead of `ThreadedResolver` when you require additional control over the executor being used. The executor will be shut down when the resolver is closed unless ``close_resolver=False``; use this if you want to reuse the same executor elsewhere. .. versionchanged:: 5.0 The ``io_loop`` argument (deprecated since version 4.1) has been removed. .. deprecated:: 5.0 The default `Resolver` now uses `.IOLoop.run_in_executor`; use that instead of this class. """ def initialize( self, executor: concurrent.futures.Executor = None, close_executor: bool = True ) -> None: self.io_loop = IOLoop.current() if executor is not None: self.executor = executor self.close_executor = close_executor else: self.executor = dummy_executor self.close_executor = False def close(self) -> None: if self.close_executor: self.executor.shutdown() self.executor = None # type: ignore @run_on_executor def resolve( self, host: str, port: int, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC ) -> List[Tuple[int, Any]]: return _resolve_addr(host, port, family) class BlockingResolver(ExecutorResolver): """Default `Resolver` implementation, using `socket.getaddrinfo`. The `.IOLoop` will be blocked during the resolution, although the callback will not be run until the next `.IOLoop` iteration. .. deprecated:: 5.0 The default `Resolver` now uses `.IOLoop.run_in_executor`; use that instead of this class. """ def initialize(self) -> None: # type: ignore super(BlockingResolver, self).initialize() class ThreadedResolver(ExecutorResolver): """Multithreaded non-blocking `Resolver` implementation. Requires the `concurrent.futures` package to be installed (available in the standard library since Python 3.2, installable with ``pip install futures`` in older versions). The thread pool size can be configured with:: Resolver.configure('tornado.netutil.ThreadedResolver', num_threads=10) .. versionchanged:: 3.1 All ``ThreadedResolvers`` share a single thread pool, whose size is set by the first one to be created. .. deprecated:: 5.0 The default `Resolver` now uses `.IOLoop.run_in_executor`; use that instead of this class. """ _threadpool = None # type: ignore _threadpool_pid = None # type: int def initialize(self, num_threads: int = 10) -> None: # type: ignore threadpool = ThreadedResolver._create_threadpool(num_threads) super(ThreadedResolver, self).initialize( executor=threadpool, close_executor=False ) @classmethod def _create_threadpool( cls, num_threads: int ) -> concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor: pid = os.getpid() if cls._threadpool_pid != pid: # Threads cannot survive after a fork, so if our pid isn't what it # was when we created the pool then delete it. cls._threadpool = None if cls._threadpool is None: cls._threadpool = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(num_threads) cls._threadpool_pid = pid return cls._threadpool class OverrideResolver(Resolver): """Wraps a resolver with a mapping of overrides. This can be used to make local DNS changes (e.g. for testing) without modifying system-wide settings. The mapping can be in three formats:: { # Hostname to host or ip "example.com": "127.0.1.1", # Host+port to host+port ("login.example.com", 443): ("localhost", 1443), # Host+port+address family to host+port ("login.example.com", 443, socket.AF_INET6): ("::1", 1443), } .. versionchanged:: 5.0 Added support for host-port-family triplets. """ def initialize(self, resolver: Resolver, mapping: dict) -> None: self.resolver = resolver self.mapping = mapping def close(self) -> None: self.resolver.close() def resolve( self, host: str, port: int, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC ) -> Awaitable[List[Tuple[int, Any]]]: if (host, port, family) in self.mapping: host, port = self.mapping[(host, port, family)] elif (host, port) in self.mapping: host, port = self.mapping[(host, port)] elif host in self.mapping: host = self.mapping[host] return self.resolver.resolve(host, port, family) # These are the keyword arguments to ssl.wrap_socket that must be translated # to their SSLContext equivalents (the other arguments are still passed # to SSLContext.wrap_socket). _SSL_CONTEXT_KEYWORDS = frozenset( ["ssl_version", "certfile", "keyfile", "cert_reqs", "ca_certs", "ciphers"] ) def ssl_options_to_context( ssl_options: Union[Dict[str, Any], ssl.SSLContext] ) -> ssl.SSLContext: """Try to convert an ``ssl_options`` dictionary to an `~ssl.SSLContext` object. The ``ssl_options`` dictionary contains keywords to be passed to `ssl.wrap_socket`. In Python 2.7.9+, `ssl.SSLContext` objects can be used instead. This function converts the dict form to its `~ssl.SSLContext` equivalent, and may be used when a component which accepts both forms needs to upgrade to the `~ssl.SSLContext` version to use features like SNI or NPN. """ if isinstance(ssl_options, ssl.SSLContext): return ssl_options assert isinstance(ssl_options, dict) assert all(k in _SSL_CONTEXT_KEYWORDS for k in ssl_options), ssl_options # Can't use create_default_context since this interface doesn't # tell us client vs server. context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl_options.get("ssl_version", ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)) if "certfile" in ssl_options: context.load_cert_chain( ssl_options["certfile"], ssl_options.get("keyfile", None) ) if "cert_reqs" in ssl_options: context.verify_mode = ssl_options["cert_reqs"] if "ca_certs" in ssl_options: context.load_verify_locations(ssl_options["ca_certs"]) if "ciphers" in ssl_options: context.set_ciphers(ssl_options["ciphers"]) if hasattr(ssl, "OP_NO_COMPRESSION"): # Disable TLS compression to avoid CRIME and related attacks. # This constant depends on openssl version 1.0. # TODO: Do we need to do this ourselves or can we trust # the defaults? context.options |= ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION return context def ssl_wrap_socket( socket: socket.socket, ssl_options: Union[Dict[str, Any], ssl.SSLContext], server_hostname: str = None, **kwargs: Any ) -> ssl.SSLSocket: """Returns an ``ssl.SSLSocket`` wrapping the given socket. ``ssl_options`` may be either an `ssl.SSLContext` object or a dictionary (as accepted by `ssl_options_to_context`). Additional keyword arguments are passed to ``wrap_socket`` (either the `~ssl.SSLContext` method or the `ssl` module function as appropriate). """ context = ssl_options_to_context(ssl_options) if ssl.HAS_SNI: # In python 3.4, wrap_socket only accepts the server_hostname # argument if HAS_SNI is true. # TODO: add a unittest (python added server-side SNI support in 3.4) # In the meantime it can be manually tested with # python3 -m tornado.httpclient https://sni.velox.ch return context.wrap_socket(socket, server_hostname=server_hostname, **kwargs) else: return context.wrap_socket(socket, **kwargs)